Fractures A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone. It can range from a thin crack to a complete break and can occur in any bone in the body. Fractures typically result from trauma, overuse, or diseases that weaken the bones such as osteoporosis. Types of Fractures Simple (Closed) Fracture: Bone breaks but does not pierce the skin. Compound (Open) Fracture: Bone breaks and protrudes through the skin, increasing risk of infection. Comminuted Fracture: Bone is shattered into three or more pieces. Greenstick Fracture: Bone bends and cracks (common in children). Transverse Fracture: Horizontal fracture line. Oblique Fracture: Slanted fracture line. Spiral Fracture: Caused by twisting forces. Stress Fracture: Small cracks from repetitive force or overuse. Pathological Fracture: Break caused by disease-weakened bone (e.g., cancer, osteoporosis). Symptoms Pain and swelling Deformity Bruising or discoloration Inability to move or bear weight on the affected limb Crepitus (grating sound or sensation) Diagnosis Clinical Examination X-rays (primary tool) CT scan or MRI (for complex or subtle fractures) Treatment Options Non-Surgical: Immobilization: Casting or splinting Traction: To realign bone ends Rest, Ice, Elevation Surgical: Internal Fixation: Using plates, screws, or rods External Fixation: Stabilizing the bone from outside the body with a frame Bone grafting: In cases of bone loss Rehabilitation Physical therapy to restore function Gradual return to activity Pain management